References for Cytochrome P450 Drug Interaction Table: 2C19

These pages contain all the literature citations referenced in the Cytochrome P450 Drug Interaction Tables (both the extensive research-oriented table and the concise clinical table). Most of these citations are hyperlinks, which bring up the abstract in the NLM's PubMed database.

Click on the [ PubMed ] link after the drug name to perform a live MedLINE search of articles possibly related to that drug and Cytochrome P450.

Entries are organized by mode of activity (substrate, inhibitor, inducer) within specific isoform. You can quickly branch to a section by clicking on the appropriate link here:

1A2 | 2B6 | 2C8 | 2C19 | 2C9 | 2D6 | 2E1 | 3A457

Use Ctrl-F to find all or part of the name or word for which you are searching.




2C19 SUBSTRATES



2C19 Itself: PubMed

Isolation and Characterization of Human Liver Cytochrome P450 2C19: correlation between 2C19 and S-mephenytoin 4'-hydroxylation.
Wrighton SA, Stevens JC, Becker GW and Vandenbranden M
Pubmed Biochem Biophys 1993 Oct;306(1):240-245

amitriptyline: PubMed

Five distinct human cytochromes mediate amitriptyline N-demethylation in vitro: dominance of CYP 2C19 and 3A4.
Venkatakrishnan K, Greenblatt DJ, von Moltke LL, Schmider J, Harmatz JS, Shader RI
Clin Pharmacol. 1998 Feb; 38(2): 112-121

Metabolism of the tricyclic antidepressant amitriptyline by cDNA-expressed human cytochrome P450 enzymes.
Olesen OV, Linnet K
Pharmacology. 1997 Nov; 55(5): 235-243

Cytochromes P450 mediating the N-demethylation of amitriptyline.
Ghahramani P, Ellis SW, Lennard MS, Ramsay LE, Tucker GT
Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1997 Feb; 43(2): 137-144

chloramphenicol: PubMed

Chloramphenicol Is a Potent Inhibitor of Cytochrome P450 Isoforms CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 in Human Liver Microsomes.
Park JY, Kim KA, Kim SL.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2003 Nov;47(11):3464-9.

citalopram: PubMed

Personal communication with Dr. Terence Ketter about citalopram on March 29, 1995.
Ketter, T.A
Flockhart, D.A. 1995

clomipramine: PubMed


» CLOPIDOGREL [ PubMed ]
ArticleThe Effect of CYP2C19 Polymorphism on the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Clopidogrel: A Possible Mechanism for Clopidogrel Resistance.
AuthorsKim K, Park P, Hong S, Park JY.
Link to AbstractClin Pharmacol Ther. 2008 Mar 5.
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Pharmacogenetics of antidepressants: clinical aspects.
Bertilsson L, Dahl ML, Tybring G
Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 1997;391:14-21

cyclophosphamide: PubMed

Identification of the polymorphically expressed CYP2C19 and the wild-type CYP2C9-ILE359 allele as low-Km catalysts of cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide activation.
Chang TKH, Yu L, Goldstein JA, Waxman DJ
Pharmacogenetics 1997;7:211-221

diazepam: PubMed

Cytochrome P450 mediated metabolism of diazepam in human and rat: involvement of human CYP2C in N-demethylation in the substrate concentration-dependent manner.
Yasumori T, Nagata K, Yang SK, Chen L-S, Murayama N, Yamazoe Y, Kato R
Pharmacogenetics 1993;3:291-301

E-3810: PubMed

Comparison of the kinetic disposition and metabolism of E3810, a new proton pump inhibitor, and omeprazole in relation to S-mephenytoin 4'-hydroxylation status.
Yasuda S, Horai Y, Tomono Y, Nakai H, Yamato C, Manabe K, Kobayashi K, Chiba K, Ishizaki T
Clin Pharmacol Ther 1995 Aug;58(2):143-154

escitalopram: PubMed

hexobarbital: PubMed

Stereoselective disposition of hexobarbital and its metabolites: relationship to the S-mephenytoin polymorphism in Caucasian and Chinese subjects.
Adedoyin A, Prakash C, O'Shea D, Blair IA, Wilkinson GR
Pharmacogenetics. 1994 Feb; 4(1): 27-38

Polymorphism in stereoselective hydroxylations of mephenytoin and hexobarbital by Japanese liver samples in relation to cytochrome P-450 human-2 (IIC9).
Kato R, Yamazoe Y, Yasumori T
Xenobiotica. 1992 Sep; 22(9-10): 1083-1092. Review

Polymorphism in hydroxylation of mephenytoin and hexobarbital stereoisomers in relation to hepatic P-450 human-2.
Yasumori T, Murayama N, Yamazoe Y, Kato R
Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1990 Mar; 47(3): 313-322

Oxidative metabolism of hexobarbital in human liver: relationship to polymorphic S-mephenytoin 4-hydroxylation.
Knodell RG, Dubey RK, Wilkinson GR, Guengerich FP
J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1988 Jun; 245(3): 845-849

imipramine N-deME: PubMed

Reappraisal of human CYP isoforms involved in imipramine N-demethylation and 2-hydroxylation: a study using microsomes obtained from putative extensive and poor metabolizers of S-mephenytoin and eleven recombinant human CYPs.
Koyama E, Chiba K, Tani M, Ishizaki T
J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1997 Jun; 281(3): 1199-1210.

Geographical/interracial differences in polymorphic drug oxidation. Current state of knowledge of cytochromes P450 (CYP) 2D6 and 2C19.
Bertilsson L.
Clin Pharmacokinet. 1995 Sep; 29(3): 192-209. Review.

indomethacin: PubMed

Human cytochrome P4502C metabolism.
Weaver RJ, Webster D, Melvin WT, Dickins M and Burke MD
Br J Clin Pharmacol 1993 April;36(2):167P

lansoprazole: PubMed

Metabolic disposition of lansoprazole in relation to the S-mephenytoin 4'-hydroxylation phenotype status.
Sohn DR, Kwon JT, Kim HK, Ishizaki T
Clin Pharmacol Ther 1997 May;61(5):574-582

S-mephenytoin: PubMed

Mephenytoin hydroxylation deficiency in Caucasians: frequency of a new oxidative drug metabolism polymorphism.
Wedlund PJ, Aslanian WS, McAllister CB, Wilkinson GR, Branch RA
Clin Pharmacol Ther, 1984 Dec; 36(6):773-780

R-mephobarbital: PubMed

Stereoselective mephobarbital hydroxylation cosegregates with mephenytoin hydroxylation.
Kupfer A, Branch RA
Clin Pharmacol Ther, 1985 Oct; 38(4):414-418

moclobemide: PubMed

Moclobemide: a substrate of CYP2C19 and an inhibitor of CYP2C19, CYP2D6 and CYP1A2: A panel study.
Gram LF, Guentert TW, Grange S, Vistisen K, Brøsen K
Clin Pharmacol Ther 1995;57(6):670-677

nelfinavir: PubMed

Characterization of the selectivity and mechanism of human cytochrome P450 inhibition by the human immunodeficiency virus-protease inhibitor nelfinavir mesylate.
Lillibridge JH, Liang BH, Kerr BM, Webber S, Quart B, Shetty BV, Lee CA
Drug Metab Dispos 1998 Jul;26(7):609-16

nilutamide: PubMed

Nilutamide inhibits mephenytoin 4-hydroxylation in untreated male rats and in human liver microsomes.
Horsmans Y, Lannes D, Larrey D, Tinel M, Letteron P, Loeper J, Pessayre D
Xenobiotica 1991 Dec;21(12):1559-1570

omeprazole: PubMed

Effect of omeprazole on diazepam plasma levels in slow versus normal rapid metabolizers of omeprazole.
Andersson T, Cederberg C, Edvardsson G, Heggelund A, Lundborg P
Clin Pharmacol Ther 1990;47(1):79-85

Oxcarbazepine: PubMed

Spotlight on oxcarbazepine in epilepsy.
Bang LM, Goa KL.
CNS Drugs. 2004;18(1):57-61.

pantoprazole: PubMed

Metabolic disposition of pantoprazole, a proton pump inhibitor, in relation to S-mephenytoin 4'-hydroxylation phenotype and genotype.
Tanaka M, Ohkubo T, Otani K, Suzuki A, Kaneko S, Sugawara K, Ryokawa Y, Hakusui H, Yamamori S, Ishizaki T
Clin Pharmacol Ther 1997 Dec;62(6):619-628

phenytoin: PubMed

Role of S-mephenytoin hydroxylase in the metabolism of phenytoin.
Bajpai M, Roskos LK, Shen DD, Trager WF, Levy RH
Pharm Res 1994, 11(Suppl):S348

phenobarbitone: Pubmed

CYP2C19 polymorphism effect on phenobarbitone. Pharmacokinetics in Japanese patients with epilepsy: analysis by population pharmacokinetics.
Mamiya K, Hadama A, Yukawa E, Ieiri I, Otsubo K, Ninomiya H, Tashiro N, Higuchi S
Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2000, 55:821-825

primidone: PubMed

progesterone: PubMed

Progesterone and testosterone hydroxylation by CYP 2C19, 2C9 and 3A4 in human liver microsomes.
Yamazaki H, Shimada T
Arch Biochem Biophys 1997;346(1):161-169

proguanil: PubMed

Metabolic Disposition of proguanil in extensive and poor metabolizers of S-mephenytoin 4'-hydroxylation recruited from an Indonesian population.
Setiabudy R, Kusaka M, Chiba K, Darmansjah I, Ishizaki T
Br J Clin Pharmacol 1995;39(3):297-303

In vitro proguanil activation to cycloguanil by human liver microsomes is mediated by CYP3A isoforms as well as S-mephenytoin hydroxylase.
Birkett DJ, Rees D, Andersson T, Gonzalex FJ, Miners JO, Veronese ME
Br J Clin Pharmacol 1994;37:413-420

The activation of the biguanide anti-malarial proguanil co-segregates with the mephenytoin oxidation polymorphism - a panel study.
Ward SA, Helsby NA, Skjelbo E, Brøsen K, Gram LF, Breckenridge AM
Br J Clin Pharmacol 1991;31:689-692

Relation between chloroguanide bioavtivation to cycloguanil and the genetically determined metabolism of mephenytoin in humans.
Funck-Brentano C, Bosco O, Jacqz-Aigrain E, KeunjiN a, Jaillon P
Clin Pharmacol Ther 1992;51(5):507-512

propranolol: PubMed

Not in vitro. Propranolol oxidation by human liver microsomes-- use of cumene hydroperoxide to probe isoenzyme specificity and regio- and stereoselectivity.
Otton SV, Gillam EM, Lennard MS, Tucker GT, Woods HF
Br J Clin Pharmacol 1990 Nov;30(5):751-760

rabeprazole: Acid-suppressive effects of rabeprazole, omeprazole, and lansoprazole at reduced and standard doses: a crossover comparative study in homozygous extensive metabolizers of cytochrome P450 2C19.
Shimatani T, Inoue M, Kuroiwa T, Xu J, Mieno H, Nakamura M, Tazuma S.
Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2006 Jan;79(1):144-52.

R-warfarin: PubMed

Correlation of human cytochrome P450 2C substrate specificities with primary structure: warfarin as a probe.
Kaminsky LS, de Morais SM, Faletto MB, Dunbar DA, Goldstein JA
Mol Pharmacol 1993;43:234-239

teniposide: PubMed



2C19 INHIBITORS



CIMETIDINE [ PubMed ]
ArticleInhibition of drug metabolism in human liver microsomes by nizatidine, cimetidine and omeprazole.
AuthorsFuruta S, Kamada E, Suzuki T, Sugimoto T, Kawabata Y, Shinozaki Y, Sano H.
Link to AbstractXenobiotica. 2001 Jan;31(1):1-10.

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CHLORAMPHENICOL [ PubMed ]
ArticleChloramphenicol Is a Potent Inhibitor of Cytochrome P450 Isoforms CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 in Human Liver Microsomes.
AuthorsPark JY, Kim KA, Kim SL.
Link to AbstractAntimicrob Agents Chemother. 2003 Nov;47(11):3464-9.

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E3810 [ PubMed ]
ArticleComparison of the kinetic disposition and metabolism of E3810, a new proton pump inhibitor, and omeprazole in relation to S-mephenytoin 4'-hydroxylation status.
AuthorsYasuda S, Horai Y, Tomono Y, Nakai H, Yamato C, Manabe K, Kobayashi K, Chiba K, Ishizaki T.
Link to AbstractClin Pharmacol Ther 1995 Aug;58(2):143-154.

ArticleComparison of the interaction potential of a new proton pump inhibitor, E3810, versus omeprazole with diazepam in extensive and poor metabolizers of S-mephenytoin 4'-hydroxylation.
AuthorsIshizaki T, Chiba K, Manabe K, Koyama E, Hayashi M, Yasuda S, Horai Y, Tomono Y, Yamato C, Toyoki T.
Link to AbstractClin Pharmacol Ther. 1995 Aug;58(2):155-64.

FELBAMATE [ PubMed ]
Article
Authors
Link to Abstract

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FLUOXETINE [ PubMed ]
ArticleEvaluation of time-dependent cytochrome P450 inhibition using cultured human hepatocytes.
AuthorsMcGinnity DF, Berry AJ, Kenny JR, Grime K, Riley RJ.
Link to AbstractDrug Metab Dispos. 2006 Aug;34(8):1291-300.

ArticleFluoxetine pharmacokinetics and effect on CYP2C19 in young and elderly volunteers.
AuthorsHarvey AT, Preskorn SH.
Link to AbstractJ Clin Psychopharmacol. 2001 Apr;21(2):161-6.

ArticleDose-dependent inhibition of CYP1A2, CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 by citalopram, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine and paroxetine.
AuthorsJeppesen U, Gram LF, Vistisen K, Loft S, Poulsen HE, Brøsen K.
Link to AbstractEur J Clin Pharmacol. 1996;51(1):73-8.

ArticleThe effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and their metabolites on S-mephenytoin 4'-hydroxylase activity in human liver microsomes.
AuthorsKobayashi K, Yamamoto T, Chiba K, Tani M, Ishizaki T, Kuroiwa Y.
Link to AbstractBr J Clin Pharmacol. 1995 Nov;40(5):481-5.

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FLUVOXAMINE [ PubMed ]
ArticleEffect of fluvoxamine on the pharmacokinetics of roflumilast and roflumilast N-oxide.
Authorsvon Richter O, Lahu G, Huennemeyer A, Herzog R, Zech K, Hermann R.
Link to AbstractClin Pharmacokinet. 2007;46(7):613-22.

ArticleDifferent inhibitory effect of fluvoxamine on omeprazole metabolism between CYP2C19 genotypes.
AuthorsYasui-Furukori N, Takahata T, Nakagami T, Yoshiya G, Inoue Y, Kaneko S, Tateishi T.
Link to AbstractBr J Clin Pharmacol. 2004 Apr;57(4):487-94.

ArticleEffects of concomitant fluvoxamine on the metabolism of alprazolam in Japanese psychiatric patients: interaction with CYP2C19 mutated alleles.
AuthorsSuzuki Y, Shioiri T, Muratake T, Kawashima Y, Sato S, Hagiwara M, Inoue Y, Shimoda K, Someya T.
Link to AbstractEur J Clin Pharmacol. 2003 Apr;58(12):829-33.

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INDOMETHACIN [ PubMed ]
ArticleCytochrome P450 2C9 catalyzes indomethacin O-demethylation in human liver microsomes.
AuthorsNakajima M, Inoue T, Shimada N, Tokudome S, Yamamoto T, Kuroiwa Y.
Link to AbstractDrug Metab Dispos. 1998 Mar;26(3):261-6.

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KETOCONAZOLE [ PubMed ]
ArticleHighly selective inhibition of human CYP3Aa in vitro by azamulin and evidence that inhibition is irreversible.
AuthorsStresser DM, Broudy MI, Ho T, Cargill CE, Blanchard AP, Sharma R, Dandeneau AA, Goodwin JJ, Turner SD, Erve JC, Patten CJ, Dehal SS, Crespi CL.
Link to AbstractDrug Metab Dispos. 2004 Jan;32(1):105-12.

ArticleIn vitro inhibitory effect of 1-aminobenzotriazole on drug oxidations catalyzed by human cytochrome P450 enzymes: a comparison with SKF-525A and ketoconazole.
AuthorsEmoto C, Murase S, Sawada Y, Jones BC, Iwasaki K.
Link to AbstractDrug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2003;18(5):287-95.

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» LANSOPRAZOLE [ PubMed ]
ArticleEvaluation of omeprazole and lansoprazole as inhibitors of cytochrome P450 isoforms.
AuthorsKo JW, Sukhova N, Thacker D, Chen P, Flockhart DA.
Link to AbstractEur J Clin Pharmacol 1985;28:257-261.

ArticleComparison of inhibitory effects of the proton pump-inhibiting drugs omeprazole, esomeprazole, lansoprazole, pantoprazole, and rabeprazole on human cytochrome P450 activities.
AuthorsLi XQ, Andersson TB, Ahlström M, Weidolf L.
Link to AbstractDrug Metab Dispos. 2004 Aug;32(8):821-7.

ArticleStereoselective inhibition of cytochrome P450 forms by lansoprazole and omeprazole in vitro.
AuthorsLiu KH, Kim MJ, Shon JH, Moon YS, Seol SY, Kang W, Cha IJ, Shin JG.
Link to AbstractXenobiotica. 2005 Jan;35(1):27-38.

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MODAFINIL [ PubMed ]
ArticleIn vitro inhibition and induction of human hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes by modafinil.
AuthorsRobertson P, DeCory HH, Madan A, Parkinson A.
Link to AbstractDrug Metab Dispos. 2000 Jun;28(6):664-71.

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» OMEPRAZOLE [ PubMed ]
ArticleEvaluation of omeprazole and lansoprazole as inhibitors of cytochrome P450 isoforms.
AuthorsKo JW, Sukhova N, Thacker D, Chen P, Flockhart DA.
Link to AbstractEur J Clin Pharmacol 1985;28:257-261.

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» OXCARBAZEPINE [ PubMed ]
ArticleSpotlight on oxcarbazepine in epilepsy.
AuthorsBang LM, Goa KL.
Link to AbstractCNS Drugs. 2004;18(1):57-61.

ArticleCarbamazepine and oxcarbazepine decrease phenytoin metabolism through inhibition of CYP2C19.
AuthorsLakehal F, Wurden CJ, Kalhorn TF, Levy RH.
Link to AbstractEpilepsy Res. 2002 Dec;52(2):79-83.

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» PANTOPRAZOLE [ PubMed ]
ArticleMetabolic disposition of pantoprazole, a proton pump inhibitor, in relation to S-mephenytoin 4'-hydroxylation phenotype and genotype.
AuthorsTanaka M, Ohkubo T, Otani K, Suzuki A, Kaneko S, Sugawara K, Ryokawa Y, Hakusui H, Yamamori S, Ishizaki T.
Link to AbstractClin Pharmacol Ther 1997 Dec;62(6):619-628.

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» PROBENICID [ PubMed ]
Article
Authors
Link to Abstract

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» RABEPRAZOLE [ PubMed ]
ArticleAcid-suppressive effects of rabeprazole, omeprazole, and lansoprazole at reduced and standard doses: a crossover comparative study in homozygous extensive metabolizers of cytochrome P450 2C19.
AuthorsShimatani T, Inoue M, Kuroiwa T, Xu J, Mieno H, Nakamura M, Tazuma S.
Link to AbstractClin Pharmacol Ther. 2006 Jan;79(1):144-52.

ArticleDifferent effects of fluvoxamine on rabeprazole pharmacokinetics in relation to CYP2C19 genotype status.
AuthorsUno T, Shimizu M, Yasui-Furukori N, Sugawara K, Tateishi T.
Link to AbstractBr J Clin Pharmacol. 2006 Mar;61(3):309-14.

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» TICLOPIDINE [ PubMed ]
ArticleInteraction magnitude, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ticlopidine in relation to CYP2C19 genotypic status.
AuthorsIeiri I, Kimura M, Irie S, Urae A, Otsubo K, Ishizaki T.
Link to AbstractPharmacogenet Genomics. 2005 Dec;15(12):851-9.

ArticleTiclopidine decreases the in vivo activity of CYP2C19 as measured by omeprazole metabolism.
AuthorsTateishi T, Kumai T, Watanabe M, Nakura H, Tanaka M, Kobayashi S.
Link to AbstractBr J Clin Pharmacol. 1999 Apr;47(4):454-7.

ArticleTiclopidine as a selective mechanism-based inhibitor of human cytochrome P450 2C19.
AuthorsHa-Duong NT, Dijols S, Macherey AC, Goldstein JA, Dansette PM, Mansuy D.
Link to AbstractBiochemistry. 2001 Oct 9;40(40):12112-22.

ArticleTiclopidine inhibition of phenytoin metabolism mediated by potent inhibition of CYP2C19.
AuthorsDonahue SR, Flockhart DA, Abernethy DR, Ko JW.
Link to AbstractClin Pharmacol Ther. 1997 Nov;62(5):572-7.

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» TOPIRAMATE [ PubMed ]
ArticleTopiramate and phenytoin pharmacokinetics during repetitive monotherapy and combination therapy to epileptic patients.
AuthorsSachdeo RC, Sachdeo SK, Levy RH, Streeter AJ, Bishop FE, Kunze KL, Mather GG, Roskos LK, Shen DD, Thummel KE, Trager WF, Curtin CR, Doose DR, Gisclon LG, Bialer M.
Link to AbstractEpilepsia. 2002 Jul;43(7):691-6.

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2C19 INDUCERS



carbamazepine: PubMed

norethindrone: PubMed

NOT pentobarbital: PubMed

Influence of enzyme induction and inhibition on the oxidation of nifedipine, mephenytoin and antipyrine in humans as assessed by a "cocktail" study design.
Schellens JHM, van der Wart JHF, Brugman M, Breimer DD
J Pharmac Exp Ther 1989;249(2):638-645

prednisone: PubMed

Influence of corticosteroid on hexobarbital and tolbutamide disposition.
Breimer DD, Zilly W, Richter E
Clin Pharmacol Ther 1978 Aug;24(2):208-212

rifampin: PubMed

Induction of polymorphic 4'-hydroxylation of S-mephenytoin by rifampicin.
Zhou HH, Anthony LB, Wood AJJ, Wilkinson GR
Br J Clin Pharmacol 1990;30:471-475